The book covers nearly a century of history starting with the description of the Ottoman Empire’s political and economic adaptations to the European market in the second half of the nineteenth century, continues with the deterioration of interethnic relations and attitudes in the Empire, institutional reforms that were geared towards keeping the Empire united and then securing the Turkish domination, and ending with the establishment of the Turkish Republic after ferocious battles between different ethnic communities who asserted their national claim on the same territory. Three coastal cities, Ayvalık, Mersin and Trabzon, were selected for examining the phases of transition from the Empire to the Republic. The study focuses on other subjects such as the efforts of the Turkish rulers of the Ottoman Empire in balancing the contradictory interests and aspirations of different ethnic communities, changing nature and content of reforms, the alienation of Christian communities from the Ottoman Empire and the role of the European powers in the Ottoman transition.

Künye

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION

The Assessment of the Exchange of Populations

Methodology and Sources

CHAPTER I

TRANSFORMATION OF THE TRADITIONAL OTTOMAN SYSTEM

Prosperity in Trade

The Relationship between Non-Muslims and Europeans, the Foreign Protection and the Reforms

Muslim Migrations

CHAPTER II

THE GRECO-TURKISH WAR AND THE GREEK EVACUATION OF EASTERN THRACE AND ANATOLIA (1919-1922)

The Paris Peace Conference

The General Situation in Anatolia in 1918-1919

The Greek Occupation of Smyrna

The Emergence of the Nationalist Movement

The Military Campaigns 1920-1922

CHAPTER III

THE SETTLEMENT OF REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS IN GREECE AND TURKEY, 1922-1930

Turkish and Greek Perception of the Exchange of Populations

The Greek Refugee Settlement, 1922-1930

The Reception and Settlement of Muslim Migrants in Turkey, 1923-1925

Ayvalık

Mersin

Trabzon

The Problems in the Settlement of Migrants

The Economic and Political Restructuring of the Turkish Republic in the Aftermath of the Exchange of Populations

The Role of the Migrants

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX